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| In this July 23, 2013 photo, Sidi Fassoukoy, searching for his missing brother, covers his nose against the smell as he unearths the remains of two men buried in the desert outside Timbuktu, Mali. From the men's clothing, Fassoukoy was able to identify the bodies as those of his brother, Maouloud Fassoukoy, and their neighbor, "Vieux" Ali Ould Kabbad, a lifelong Arab resident of Timbuktu whom Maouloud was killed for defending. Mali’s military has killed or taken away at least 35 civilians in 2013, many of them Arabs and Tuaregs, according to human rights groups. An AP investigation uncovered the remains of six of these men, whose families identified the bodies and said they were last seen being taken away by Malian soldiers. |
TIMBUKTU, Mali
(AP) -- Across the desert, the wind combs the sand into smooth ripples
that roll out evenly for miles. So when a hole is dug, you see it
immediately. The sand looks agitated. Its pattern is disturbed.
That's how you know where the bodies are buried.
Close
to three dozen people in northern Mali disappeared earlier this year,
killed or taken away by the country's military, according to human
rights groups. The victims were caught in a backlash against Arabs and
Tuaregs, desert people who form a small and shrinking ethnic minority in
Mali. As the West Africa bureau chief for The Associated Press, I
wanted to know what had happened to them.
Over
six months, my colleagues and I tracked down what we would rather not
have found: Six bodies in the desert, including that of a 70-year-old
grandfather who had become a symbol of the killings. In each case, the
victims had last been seen taken away by the Malian military at
gunpoint. And in at least four of the cases, the military was found
responsible in an internal report described to me but never released to
the public.
The bodies offer concrete evidence
for killings that Mali's government has so far denied in public. If the
government acknowledges their deaths, it could open a path to bring
those who killed the men to justice. It also finally could return the
bodies to their bereft families, who did not know where their loved ones
were buried, or were too terrified to recover them.
Mali's
government, which has been promised $4.2 billion in aid from the
international community, has refused to comment. The military reacted
angrily.
"You have no proof. Show me the
proof!" Col. Diarran Kone, spokesman for Mali's ministry of defense,
told the AP last week. After hearing that the AP investigation had
located six of the bodies, he added: "We have nothing more to say about
this."
-----
We found the first body almost by accident, after our car got stuck in the sand.
I
was in Timbuktu to report on the end of an al-Qaida-led occupation,
which among other things had rubbed salt into racial wounds.
During
their 10-month-long rule, al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb had driven
out the Malian army and terrorized this city. Its Arabic-speaking
fighters created racial division by giving key posts to the city's Arabs
and Tuaregs, who shared their history of marginalization, as well as
their light skin tone. These traditionally nomadic people make up less
than 10 percent of Mali's population of 15.9 million, the majority of
whom are black.
When France finally sent
troops into its former colony to drive out the extremists in January,
the city was in ecstasy. Women tore off their veils. People who had not
heard music for close to a year danced in the streets, holding up
cellphones as improvised boom boxes.
But the
bitterness of the invasion lingered. And when the army came back, it was
looking to settle scores. In some cases, those who happened to share
the same skin color as the extremists paid with their lives.
A
week after my arrival at the end of January, we began hearing rumors of
bodies dumped in the desert. My colleague Baba Ahmed, AP's
correspondent in Mali, drove north to the dunes, where his car got mired
in the sand.
The children who came to help
push it out pointed him to the spot where a middle-aged man's white robe
stuck out of the ground. He'd been dumped less than a mile outside the
city, a few hundred yards from a soccer field.
By
the time I got there, the people living nearby seemed to know
everything about the man lying beneath just one foot of sand, starting
with his ethnicity: "L'Arabe," they said. Arab.
The
man, Mohamed Lamine, turned out to be the headmaster of a local Quranic
school. We found his frightened wife, who confirmed that she had seen
her husband loaded into the back of a military truck at gunpoint.
She
agreed to come to the grave in the dark, before dawn, with her parents.
When she recognized her husband's robe, Ani Bokar Arby screamed out.
Next to his head lay a spent bullet.
Just a
few yards away, we found the body of another Arab man, Mohamed Tidiane, a
carpet seller taken the same day and identified by Lamine's family.
These
first two bodies taught us where and how to look: Drive north to a
concrete cement flame built, ironically, as a memorial to peace. Then
scan the undulating surface, until the sand gives itself away.
Since
January, Human Rights Watch has reported 24 killings of civilians by
the Malian military, 11 disappearances, and more than 50 cases of abuse.
Victims said they were beaten, electrocuted, waterboarded and injected
with an acid-like substance. Amnesty International released similar
findings last week, citing 24 killings and 11 disappearances, although
it's unclear if they were the same ones.
Tens
of thousands of Arabs and Tuaregs fled to neighboring countries, leaving
behind a maze of boarded-up houses and the concrete shells of looted
businesses. Only a handful stayed in Timbuktu.
It
was around this time that I heard about Ali Ould Kabbad, the Arab
grandfather also known to his family and friends simply as "Vieux Ali"
or "Old Ali."
Despite owning several hundred
head of cattle, Vieux Ali lived simply, wearing the same plastic sandals
so often that the band over his left toe had given out.
His
children begged him to leave, I later learned from them. But he
wouldn't hear of it. He shook his Malian identity card in their faces.
After
all, he had already lived through three military crackdowns on Arabs
and Tuaregs, who are locked into an unhappy marriage with the country's
black majority because of land borders dating back to French colonial
rule. Every time Tuareg separatists rebelled, the military responded
with blunt force, killing both rebels and light-skinned civilians who
looked like them.
Vieux Ali, a descendant of
one of Timbuktu's oldest Arab families, proudly pointed out that the
graves of his ancestors lay just feet from the 400-year-old tomb of Sidi
Mahmoud, the city's patron saint. It was proof, he said, that his
ancestors had lived in Timbuktu since at least the 1500s.
Why
should he flee his own country, he asked, where he and his father and
his grandfather were born? Hadn't his black neighbors said they would
vouch for him?
He took the precaution of
presenting soldiers at the Malian military camp with a bull. He said it
was a gift for liberating the city, though privately his family
acknowledged it was an attempt to buy his safety. The soldiers chased
him out.
"That white man, get him out of
here!" one of the soldiers is heard saying in footage captured by
television station France 24. "We don't want any of their kind here."
By the time the soldiers came for him, he had earned the nickname of "The Last Arab of Timbuktu."
-----
On
the morning of Feb. 14, the troops barricaded the street and surrounded
his shop, according to witnesses. Vieux Ali was shaking so much, he
couldn't get into the back of their pickup. They shoved him inside and
made him lie under a tan-colored tarp.
They
were about to drive away when Maoloud Fassoukoy - one of Vieux Ali's
black neighbors - pushed his way past the cordon. He ran to the truck,
screaming "No! No! No! He's not the enemy!"
The soldiers grabbed Fassoukoy too, and forced him to lie under the same tan tarp.
The
truck meandered through the sand-swept lanes of Timbuktu, and by the
end of the day a total of nine men were missing. Except for Fassoukoy,
all were Arab.
The truck left the city, heading north. Toward the desert.
-----
After
he disappeared, Vieux Ali became a symbol of those who had gone
missing. Supporters created a Facebook page. His lined face,
grandfatherly air and insistence that he considered himself Malian moved
people.
His presumed killing was a "test case," according to Corinne Dufka, senior researcher for Human Rights Watch.
"Mali
is hanging in the balance. It could go either way," she said.
"Depending on how this case is resolved, it can either reinforce the
rule of law. Or reinforce impunity."
However,
the families of the nine missing men were too petrified to go to the
dunes. And the army denied the killings to the public.
"What
bodies?" asked Kone from the Ministry of Defense. "The Malian army
respects human rights. We are here to protect the population."
Among
the Arabs who had fled were the relatives of my colleague, Baba Ahmed,
who is himself an Arab from Timbuktu. It wasn't long before concerned
childhood friends began urging Baba to leave too.
Baba
insisted on staying, saying he was protected by his affiliation with an
international news organization.
But while we were at the pharmacy
counter a few days after Vieux Ali's arrest, a military truck sped up. A
soldier burst in and glared at Baba. Then he paused, realizing we were
together.
We left the soldier at the counter.
As we went out, I noticed a tan tarp covering the bed of the military
truck, just like the one that had covered up Vieux Ali.
I couldn't escape the conclusion that they had come to take Baba away.
-----
Baba left, and I stayed in Timbuktu for another two weeks. Each successive translator I hired refused to go to the dunes.
Soldiers began making unannounced visits to my hotel, asking to speak to me.
Late
one night, a Malian hotel employee approached me, smelling of alcohol.
"I know what you are doing," he said. "Everyone knows you're here to
sully the reputation of our troops."
That afternoon, I asked the driver I had hired to sleep outside my room for protection.
I
decided it was no longer safe to stay. Just before my departure, a
source inside the Malian military asked to see me alone. He drew me a
map.
Drive north, he said, past the cement flame, then veer left. All the other times I had veered right.
"Just wander around those dunes and you'll see them," he said. "The bodies are there."
The
next day, as I walked from dune to dune, I found an area where the dirt
had coagulated. It was harder and darker, as if someone had poured
water over the sand.
The driver grabbed a
shovel. We dug a few feet until we could smell the body and then
stopped. The sand looked wet. Flies gathered.
Later
that day, I brought Ali's son, Ibrahim Ould Ali, and three relatives of
the other victims to the spot. They took turns digging. Within minutes,
the fingers of the dead man emerged. The victim had been buried face
down, hands tied behind his back, his eyes bound with his turban.
I saw the dread leave Ibrahim's face. It was not his father.
A
second man shared the same grave. Both were Tuaregs, by their features
and hair. We would later learn the military had grabbed them from a
village outside Timbuktu in January.
I left Mali.
Every
few days at first, and then every few weeks, I received a call from
Ibrahim, Vieux Ali's son. In broken French, he would ask me if I had
news of his father.
The last time he called,
it was to say he too had fled Timbuktu. He said: "The soldiers told me
they would do the same thing to me as they had to my father."
-----
In
July, when I returned to Timbuktu to cover the country's presidential
election, my source inside the Malian military agreed to meet me at my
hotel.
He arrived with a soldier who had
helped investigate the killings of the nine men for an internal military
report, written under heavy pressure from human rights groups and the
French. Based on the report, he said, the Ministry of Defense had
detained five soldiers for questioning, but quietly let them go a few
weeks later.
The families never got the bodies. Nor did the military ever confirm what we presumed by now: All nine were dead.
Nobody
would let me use their names, because they were still too terrified of
military reprisals. But finally, I pieced together what had happened to
Ali.
On the day of Ali's death in February, a
shepherd had just sold a load of charcoal at the Timbuktu market,
according to the investigator. As the shepherd walked back across the
desert with his donkey to his camp, he saw a military truck parked on
the other side of a dune.
He ducked. Then he hurried back to town, where everyone was talking about the men who had just disappeared.
He
returned the next day. On the other side of the dune, he saw three
humps. The normally feathery surface of the sand was stiff with water.
That's
where a unit of Malian troops had slit the men's throats with a knife,
buried the bodies and washed their hands with a bottle of mineral water,
the shepherd told investigators. He led them to the spot, where they
unearthed the nine bodies to confirm the killings, then reburied them.
The
investigator brought the shepherd to me, while I waited in my car near
the dunes. The shepherd wore a tightly-wound black turban that exposed
only his eyes, never taking it off. He took me to the burial site
without a word.
For the last time, we drove north past the cement monument to a peace that has long eluded Mali.
This time we went down a path I had not travelled before. Near a clump of desert grasses, the shepherd signaled to stop.
He
walked over to the base of a dune, bent down and traced an X in the
sand with his finger. He made two more X's a few paces away. Then he
walked off.
I yelled after him - which one is Vieux Ali's grave? How many feet down? Petrified, he kept walking.
I
left a trail of paper torn from my notebook in order to remember my way
back to the X's in the sand. Then I went to Ali's house -- but the
entire family had fled.
The only victim's
relative I could find was Sidi Fassoukoy, the younger brother of Maoloud
Fassoukoy, the neighbor who had tried to stop the soldiers from taking
Ali and had been arrested too.
At the dune, Sidi began peeling away the layers of sand with a shovel. Something white poked out of the dirt.
It was the sole of a shoe.
Sidi took the white Reebok off the foot of the dead man.
"This is my shoe," he said, holding it up. "I bought this shoe and gave it to my brother as a present."
Nearly half a year after the murder, the flesh was gone. All that was left were bones, inside clothes.
Sidi
uncovered an orange-and-white batik fabric covering the man's chest. He
grabbed his own trousers to show the same print. The same tailor had
made both sets of clothes.
He pulled the dead man up by the top of his batik shirt. What was left of the body fell away with the sand.
"This is Maoloud Fassoukoy," he said. "This is my brother."
It
was getting dark, and I was starting to panic. What if the soldiers
found us? I realized we would only have time to dig under the first of
the three spots marked by the shepherd.
We were about to leave when we found another body. The dead man was wearing rubber sandals, and Sidi recognized them too.
"These are the shoes of the old man," he said. "This is Vieux Ali."
-----
Vieux Ali left behind 16 children.
His
eldest son, Mohamed Ould Ali, lives in Bamako, Mali's capital. He hired
a lawyer to try to urge the courts to investigate his father's
disappearance, but in vain.
His eyes well with
tears as he looks at the digital photographs of his father's shallow
grave. He instantly recognizes his father's sandals - plastic,
wide-soled, the closest thing the old man could find to orthopedic
shoes.
Mohamed calls his younger brother,
Ibrahim, now in exile in Mauritania, who was with Vieux Ali on the day
of his disappearance. Ibrahim recalls how his father had worn out the
plastic band on the left toe of his sandals.
Mohamed enlarges the photograph. He points to a slight tear in the plastic just above the left toe.
"It's
removed the doubt," Mohamed says. "It's like I can finally see the
truth. I was chasing after a mirage. Because of my love for him, I kept
hoping that he would be found alive." He adds: "Now can they continue to
deny it?"
In his wallet, the son keeps a
yellowing post-it note. It lists the names of the nine men grabbed that
day:
Maoloud Fassoukoy, Ali Ould Kabbad, Mohamed Lamine, Dana Dahama,
Hama Ould Dahama, Mohamed Ould Mahmoud, Tidiane Ould Mahmoud, Sidi
Mohamed Ould Ahmed, Youba Ould Ahmed.
-----
There are still bodies missing.
And there are still two places back in the desert that a shepherd marked with an X to show where they may lie.
Even though the wind long ago erased the marks in the sand.
