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| California delegates hold up signs as they cheer for Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton during the final day of the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia, Thursday, July 28, 2016. |
It's been read,
written and said countless times in the last few days: Hillary Clinton
is the first woman to claim a major party's presidential nomination.
But why that "major" qualifier?
No woman has been this close to the Oval Office before, right?
The background:
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HOW MANY WOMEN HAVE RUN FOR PRESIDENT BEFORE?
According
to Smithsonian historians, the number exceeds 200, a list that
comprises nominees of many minor parties, and includes candidates who
ran for president before women won the right to vote in 1920.
The
list includes recent names like Jill Stein, this year's Green Party
candidate who ran under the same label in 2012; Shirley Chisholm, the
first black congresswoman, who ran for the Democratic presidential
nomination in 1972; then-Congresswoman Michele Bachmann, a Republican
candidate in 2012; and former Sen. Carol Moseley Braun, a Democratic
hopeful in 2004.
---
VICTORIA WOODHULL?
A
women's rights crusader in the latter half of the 19th century,
Victoria Woodhull is generally cited as the first woman to seek the
presidency as the nominee of a political party.
But Woodhull's place in history comes with its own caveat.
Woodhull
announced her candidacy publicly in an April 2, 1870, letter to the New
York Herald. As recorded by Smithsonian Magazine, she wrote that she
expected "more ridicule than enthusiasm" but "what may appear absurd
today will assume a serious aspect tomorrow."
She
went on to win the 1872 nomination of the Equal Rights Party (one of
several organizations to claim that name in the era). But the Equal
Rights Party didn't achieve ballot access in any state in 1872, so there
are no recorded votes for Woohdull.
Further, she still would have been shy of 35 years old on Inauguration Day, making her ineligible to serve.
---
IF NOT WOODHULL, THEN WHO?
A
decade after Woodhull, suffragist Belva Ann Lockwood twice ran with the
nomination of the National Equal Rights Part in 1884 and 1888.
Her
May 20, 1917, obituary in The New York Times described her as "the
first woman admitted to practice before the Supreme Court, a pioneer in
the woman suffrage movement, and the only woman who was ever a candidate
for President of the United States."
Most
tallies of the popular vote do not list Lockwood, though various
historians record her as having garnered about 4,100 votes across six
states that allowed her name on the ballot in 1884.
---
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR CLINTON'S ACCOMPLISHMENT?
Woodhull's
story has proliferated in recent weeks on social media, often
circulated by conservatives - or perhaps aggrieved Bernie Sanders
backers - seeking to cast doubt on Clinton's place in history.
It's certainly a reminder that vocal, even if small minor party movements have helped shape American politics and policy.
But
let's be clear: The U.S. government has long revolved around a
two-party system. The last time a third-party or independent
presidential candidate garnered a single Electoral College vote was
George Wallace in 1968, and he was the former governor of Alabama,
elected as a Democrat. Not even Ross Perot managed an electoral vote in
1992 or 1996, despite millions of popular votes.
No,
presidents come from the Democratic Party or the Republican Party. And
for the first time, one of those two great, enduring organizations has
chosen a woman as its standard-bearer.
Surely Victoria Woodhull and Belva Ann Lockwood would agree on the historic nature of such an occasion.
