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| Workers board up the house Saturday, May 11, 2013 where three women were held in Cleveland on Saturday, May 11, 2013. Suspect Ariel Castro, who allegedly held three women captive for nearly a decade, is charged with rape and kidnapping. |
Year after year, the
clock ticked by and the calendar marched forward, carrying the three
women further from the real world and pulling them deeper into an
isolated nightmare.
Now, for the women freed
from captivity inside a Cleveland house, the ordeal is not over. Next
comes recovery - from sexual abuse and their sudden, jarring re-entry
into a world much different from the one they were snatched from a
decade ago.
Therapists say that with extensive
treatment and support, healing is likely for the women, who were 14, 16
and 21 when they were abducted. But it is often a long and difficult
process.
"It's sort of like coming out of a
coma," says Dr. Barbara Greenberg, a psychologist who specializes in
treating abused teenagers. "It's a very isolating and bewildering
experience."
In the world the women left
behind, a gallon of gas cost about $1.80. Barack Obama was a state
senator. Phones were barely taking pictures. Things did not "go viral."
There was no YouTube, no Facebook, no iPhone.
Emerging
into the future is difficult enough. The two younger Cleveland women
are doing it without the benefit of crucial formative years.
"By
taking away their adolescence, they weren't able to develop emotional
and psychological and social skills," says Duane Bowers, who counsels
traumatized families through the National Center for Missing and
Exploited Children.
"They're 10 years behind
in these skills. Those need to be caught up before they can work on
reintegrating into society," he says.
That
society can be terrifying. As freed captive Georgina DeJesus arrived
home from the hospital, watched by a media horde, she hid herself
beneath a hooded sweatshirt. The freed Amanda Berry slipped into her
home without being seen.
"They weren't hiding
from the press, from the cameras," Bowers says. "They were hiding from
the freedom, from the expansiveness."
In the
house owned by Ariel Castro, who is charged with kidnapping and raping
the women, claustrophobic control ruled. Police say that Castro kept
them chained in a basement and locked in upstairs rooms, that he
fathered a child with one of them and that he starved and beat one
captive into multiple miscarriages.
In all those years, they only set foot outside of the house twice - and then only as far as the garage.
"Something as simple as walking into a Target is going to be a major problem for them," Bowers says.
Jessica
Donohue-Dioh, who works with survivors of human trafficking as a social
work instructor at Xavier University in Cincinnati, says the freedom to
make decisions can be one of the hardest parts of recovery.
"`How
should I respond? What do they really want from me?'" Donohue-Dioh
says, describing a typical reaction. "They may feel they may not have a
choice in giving the right answer."
That has
been a challenge for Jaycee Dugard, who is now an advocate for trauma
victims after surviving 18 years in captivity - "learning how to speak
up, how to say what I want instead of finding out what everybody else
wants," Dugard told ABC News.
Like Berry, Dugard was impregnated by her captor and is now raising the two children. She still feels anger about her ordeal.
"But then on the other hand, I have two beautiful daughters that I can never be sorry about," Dugard says.
Another
step toward normalcy for the three women will be accepting something
that seems obvious to the rest of the world: They have no reason to feel
guilty.
"First of all, I'd make sure these
young women know that nothing that happened to them is their fault,"
Elizabeth Smart, who was kidnapped at age 14 and held in sexual
captivity for nine months, told People magazine.
Donohue-Dioh
says that even for people victimized by monstrous criminals, guilt is a
common reaction. The Cleveland women told police they were snatched
after accepting rides from Castro.
"They need
to recognize that what happened as a result of that choice is not the
rightful or due punishment.
That's really difficult sometimes,"
Donohue-Dioh says.
Family support will be
crucial, the therapists say. But what does family mean when one member
has spent a decade trapped with strangers?
"The
family has to be ready to include a stranger into its sphere," Bowers
says. "Because if they try to reintegrate the 14-year-old girl who went
missing, that's not going to work. That 14-year-old girl doesn't exist
anymore. They have to accept this stranger as someone they don't know."
Natascha
Kampusch, who was kidnapped in Austria at age 10 and spent eight years
in captivity, has said that her 2006 reunion with her family was both
euphoric and awkward.
"I had lived for too
long in a nightmare, the psychological prison was still there and stood
between me and my family," Kampusch wrote in "3096 Days," her account of
the ordeal.
Kampusch, now 25, said in a
German television interview that she was struggling to form normal
relationships, partly because many people seem to shy away from her.
"What
a lot of these people say is, `What's more important than what happened
is how people react,'" says Greenberg, the psychologist.
The
world has reacted to the Cleveland women with an outpouring of sympathy
and support. This reaction will live on, amplified by the technologies
that rose while the women were locked away.
Yet
these women are more than the sum of their Wikipedia pages. Dugard,
Smart and other survivors often speak of not being defined by their
tragedies - another challenge for the Cleveland survivors.
"A
classmate will hear their name, or a co-worker, and will put them in
this box: This is who you are and what happened to you," Donohue-Dioh
says. "Our job as society is to move beyond what they are and what
they've experienced."
"This isn't who they are," Dugard told People. "It is only what happened to them."
Still, for the three Cleveland women, their journey forward will always include that horrifying lost decade.
"We can't escape our past," Donohue-Dioh says, "so how are we able to manage how much it influences our present and our future?"
